Alternating current-direct current dynamic braking system for hoist motors



March 15, 1938. H. COLBERT ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Filed 001;. 19, 1936 GSheets-Sheec 1 Curve4 o no I50 I70 I80 I90 200.

a W c X 3 w XW w w vb W/ w m L w w m SPEED IN PERCENT F SYNCHONOUS SPEED FlG.-|.

FIG.2.

INVENTOR. LESTER HQ COLBERT. BY

- 'TTORNEY.

March 15, 1938. 1.. H. COLBERT 2,110,906

ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Filed Oct. 19, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 L1 5 is 57 INVENTOR. .LESTER H. COLBERT.

M4 A omw.

March 15, 1938. COLBERT 2,110,906

ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Filed 0012,19, 1936 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 LOWER HOIST INVENTQR. LESTER H. COLBERT.

March 15, 1938. L, H. COLBERT 2,110,906

ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Filed Oct. 19, 1936' 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 8 90 6 9 J; 88 Aid 70 *H- 2. AL

r82 /8 /84 /86 /87 7 i, J; i L. i. .l.

8 sz az m L85 56 /a7 7; 256 f .74 75 76 77 78 9 80 I FIGS.

Fl 6-7 INVENTOR. LESTER H. COLBERT.

BY Md ATTORNEY.

March 15, 1938. L. H. @OLBERT ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Filed Oct. 19, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR.

LESTER H COLBERT.

March 15, 1938.

ALTERNATING CURRENT-DIRECT CURRENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS L. H. CQLBEFLT Filed 0G? 19, 1936 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 lily/62 U va INVENTOR. LESTER H. COLBERT.

Patented Mar. 15, 1938 PATENT oFnc ALTERNATING CURRENTDIRECT CUR- RENT DYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM FOR HOIST MOTORS Lester H. Colbert, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, as-

aignor to The Clark Controller Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application October 19, 1936, Serial No. 106,269

18 Claims.

This invention relates to electric systems of control for alternating current induction motors which are utilized as the driving motors for apparatus in which the load at times overhauls the motor and drives it, and in which the overhauling load must be braked to stop its movement and bring it to rest. The 'inventionis particularly applicable to hoist motors which, in the operation of the hoist may be overhauled and driven by a descending load, and the invention will be described herein as applied to that use.

Heretofore it has been proposed to operate an electric hoist by an alternating current slip-ring induction motor and to brake the descending overhauling load on the motor by applying direct current to the stator of the motor, and controlling the alternating'dynamic braking current thereby generated in .the rotor, by external resistances in the rotor circuits.

Heretofore, however, such control systems have not been successful for a number of reasons, particularly in the field of general crane hoist service, in which the hoist load must be rapidly raised and rapidly lowered and accurately stopped in its descent to position the load.

-It is, of course desirable, in a direct current dynamic braking controller of this class, thatthe resistance in the rotor circuit be variable to vary the descending overhauling dynamically braked speed. The resistance must be increased to reduce the braking efiect to increase the speed, and vice versa.

Now it is a fact that in such cases the resistance in the rotor circuit may be increased at will either slowly, as by steps, or all in one step to correspondingly increase the lowering speed; but that when the braking speed is to be correspondingly decreased the resistance must be reduced relatively slowly, for if the resistance be reduced come'the braking torque and the load will run too quickly the descending load torque will overv it is generally desiirable to lower the/load very rapidly through the major part of the descent and to bring it quickly to rest at the bottom of the descent, and this cannot be accomplished in the systems heretofore proposed with which I am acquainted, because of the said inherent speed torque-resistance characteristics ofinduction motors.

It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved control system for a slipring induction hoist motor by which hoisting and lowering may be performed at a selection of speeds including high speeds, and braking of the descent may be performed wholly electrically at all lowering speeds including the highest speed.

Other objects are:

To provide for hoist induction motors having a load holding friction brake, an improved dynamic braking controller in which automatic means is provided to insure a predeteremined reduction in the lowering dynamic braking speed of the motor before applying the holding brake.

To provide for alternating current hoist induction motors an improved control system for effecting electric braking of the motor at very low and very high and intermediate lowering speeds.

To provide for alternating current hoist induction motors an improved control system by which the hoist load may be lowered at high speed and quickly braked electrically to bring it substantially to rest.

To provide for alternating current hoist induction motors an improved control system by which the hoist load may be lowered at very high speed, quickly braked electrically to bring it sub: stantially to rest, and then slowly hoisted or slowly lowered to accurately position the load.

To provide for alternating current hoist induction motors of the type provided with a load holding brake, an improved control system operated by manual means, by which a load may be lowered at high speed and quickly slowed down by electric braking, and the holding brake automatically applied after the manual means is set for stopping.

Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which my invention appertains.

In general, my invention comprises an electric controller under manual control of an operator by.

' out of the rotor circuit. Thus within said speed limits for a given load up to and including full load, the controller may be operated at will to increase or decrease the dynamically braked lowering speed. If however, the controller be operated to effect a lowering speed beyond the said predetermined speed, then if the controller be moved to reduce the lowering speed, automatic means comes into action'which maintains the armature resistance at such value or values that the load torque cannot overcome the rotor dynamic braking torque and the load cannot run away with the motor.

In the following, three species embodimentsof this fundamental principle are illustrated and described in connection with diagrammatic showings of the respective electric control and power circuits. V

In the first described embodiment of the invention, the motor fleld'is first energized with direct current, and a limited number of step! of resistance and. corresponding speeds of, dynamically braked lowering are provided and the controller operator may, at will, cut these resistances into and out of the rotor circuit, the maximum attainable lowering speed being such that the load cannot run away with the motor; and for higher speeds such for example as full synchronous speed or higher, the motor is driven downwardy by power as an alternating current motor until dynamic braking begins, that is to say, alternating current is applied to the stator of the motor and the rotor is short circuited or substantially so and after the speed reaches synchronous speed, the load overhauis the rotor and is dynamically braked by the generation of alternating current therein. At the bottom of the descent, to bring the load quickly to rest, the stator is again energized with direct current and a preselected section of resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit of such value that even at speeds of 115% synchronous speed, and at full load, the dynamic braking torque will exceed the load torque and will bring the descending load quickly down to a low speed at which an electrically operated friction brake may stop it and hold it. The section of resistance is automatically or extra-manually inserted in the rotor circuit, upon operating the controller to slow the descent, entirely out of control of the operator.

In the second form of the invention to be described, resistance steps are provided which may be cut into or cut out of the rotor circuit at the will of the operator to provide dynamic braking speeds up to a certain intermediate speed; and other steps of resistance are provided which, when inserted in the rotor circuit, will raise the lowering speed higher and higher to, say, 200% of synchronous speed; and at all speeds above the said intermediate speed, if the operator of the controller operates it to reduce the brake lowering speed,- automatic extra-manual means comes into action to delay the change from one speed step to another so that it becomes impossible for the operator to cut the resistances out of v the rotor circuit faster than at a pre-determined rate at which the braking torque is maintained greater than the load torque. The speed is thus reduced to or below the said intermediate speed at which the operator is again given optional manual control of the resistance steps, and the slowed descent may be stopped by a friction brake as in the other form. In this form all dynamic braking is done with a direct current energized motor fleld.

In the third to be described embodiment, resistance sections may be inserted into the rotor circuit, one after another to increase the dynamically braked descent of the load to higher and higher speeds up to, say 115% of synchronous motor speed. Also up to a predetermined intermediate speed, the resistance may be cut out of the rotor circuit at will to reduce the lowering speed, but above this intermediate speed, the load will run away with the motor if the resistance is cut out of the rotor circuit too rapidly.

Automatic or extra-manual means is provided which comes into operation when the controller operator attempts to cut out rotor resistance at speeds above the said intermediate speed, and inserts in the rotor circuit a pre-selected amount of resistance with which, even at speeds as high as 115% synchronous speed, will eiiect a dynamic braking torque greater than the developed load torque and slow the load 'down to a slow speed, at which an electrically operated friction brake will stop and hold it. In this form all dynamic braking is done with a direct current energized motor field.

My invention is fully disclosed in the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a graph illustrating certain torquespeed-resistance characteristics of an induction motor utilized in the practice of. my invention;

Figs. 2 and 3 are respectively power circuit and control circuit diagrams of a dynamic braking motor control system embodying one form of my invention;

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatically represented master drum controller for the control system of Fi Figs. 5, 6 and 7 are views similar respectively to Figs. 2, 3 and 4 but illustrating a second embodiment of my invention;

Figs. 9 and 8 are views similar respectively to Figs. 3 and 4 and, taken in connection with Fig. 5, illustrating a third embodiment of my invention.

As is well-known, alternating current electric motors of the induction type comprising a wound stator and awound slip-ring rotor may be used to drive the drum of a hoist or other mechanism of which the load may be capable of overhauling and driving the rotor. It is also known that if the stator of the motor be energized with direct current. an overhauling load driving the rotor will generate therein alternating current and the absorption of power by the generation of current will effect a so-called dynamic braking action retarding the descent of the load, the braking action being commensurate with the amount of current generated. With low resistance in the slip-ring rotor circuit, a large current will be generated and produce great braking action and vice versa so that the braking action may be controlled by varying the resistance of the rotor circuit.

I have found, by extensive experiments, that the dynamic braking action for any given resistance is also commensurable with the speed of rotation of the rotor and therefore the speed of the descending load.

I have referred here to the conventional induction motor in which the stator is the field and the rotor is the armature. The same effects result, whichever of the two, the field or the armature, is the rotor.

I have illustrated these relations in Fig. 1 wherein ordinates represent dynamic braking motor torque and abscissae represent fractional percentages of synchronous rotor speed. The horizontal line designated full-load torque" represents a value of braking torque equivalent to the full-rated load torque of the motor when driving a load.

Curve l", curve 2, etc., represent the braking torque at different speeds for respectively different resistances in the rotor circuit.

For a relatively low resistance, curve l shows that, at speeds above 20% of synchronism, the braking torque dies off rapidly. For a greater resistance, as for curve 2, the maximum braking torque occurs at about 50% of synchronous speed and thereafter does not die off so rapidly. For still more resistance, curve 3, shows that there is a constantly increasing braking torque up to full synchronous speed. For still more resistance curves 4 to 8 show maximum braking torque at higher and higher speeds, the braking torque at the lower speeds being very low.

It is this characteristic of the motor when utilized for dynamic braking that creates-a problem which, so far as I am aware has not heretofore been solved. The problem will be apparent from the following brief discussion.

Suppose that the load to be lowered is equivalent to the full load" of the motor and that a value of resistance is put in the rotor circuit corresponding to curve I, and that the holding brake (usually some kind of friction brake) is released. The load will start to descend but by the time it has attained approximately 8% .of synchronous speed, the braking torque will have risen until it is equal to the full-load torque and the two will balance and the load will stop increasing in speed. If then, the resistance be changed to correspond to curve 2, the load will increase in speed to approximately 20% of synchronism and again the braking torque will balance the load and the speed will remain constant. Similarly, the resistance may be changed to correspond successively to curves 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 at which the speed may rise respectively to 40%, to and 200% of synchronism.

Thus, to increase the lowering speed, no difficulty is encountered. As the resistance is increased, step by step, the load comes up to a corresponding speed and remains at that speed. If now the operator of the controller wishes to reduce the lowering speed, by cutting out resistance, step by step, he may do so without danger if he changes the resistance slowly because as .he goes back from one curve to the next the braking torque for the next curve is greater than the load torque. Also if the speed is not greater than 75% synchronous, curve 4, the operator may go back instantly to the lowest speed, curve I, because the braking torque for curve I is, at all times, greater than the load torque, and the load will slow down to the 8% of synchronism determined by the curve I.

But supposing that it be desired for the load to descend at greater than 75% synchronous speed,

the operator will cut out resistance to give curve 5. On this curve, the braking torque balances the load torque at 100% synchronism. If the load is descending at this speed, and the operator moves his controller to cut out an amount of resistance which changes say, from curve 5 to curve I, the braking torque at 100% synchronism becomes at once that of curve 5 which is less than fullload torque so that the braking torque is not enough to hold the load and the load will run away with the motor.

Thus, in a dynamic braking system of this type,

if the controller is arranged to have one or more steps of resistance to give one or more steps of very low braking speeds, then there is an upper limit of braking speed beyond which it is not safe to go because of the liability that the operator will cut the resistance out too rapidly and cause the load to run away. In this connection, it will be observed that if the operator goes from curve 5 to curve 6, and stops there, the motor will be slowed down to approximately 75% synchronism; and then if he goes to curve 3, the motor will slow down to approximately 40% synchronism, which brings the torque under curve i so that there is then no longer any danger of running away. But the average operator cannot be relied upon to slow the load down by this slow mode of operation and therefore if he is given a speed higher than 75% synchronism and a low speed he is apt to move the controller to the low speed too rapidly and cause the load to run away.

Also in practise it is often desirable to lower the load at very high speed over the major portion of the descent and then to bring it quickly to rest on a low speed.

According to my invention therefore, although lowering speeds are provided greater than 75% synchronous speed, when it is desired to go back from such higher speeds to lower speeds, the cutting out of the resistance is automatically taken out of the control of the operator so that running away of the load is prevented, not withstanding that speeds as high as 200% of synchronism may be had.

First form The first embodiment of my invention by which this result is accomplishedwill now be described, in connectionwith Figs. 2, 3 and 4.

At l is illustrated conventionally, an induction motor having a three phase stator winding energized by supply mains 2, 3 and 4 from a suitable source of alternating current through the contacts of switches 5 and 6 in the lines 2 and 4 respectively and switches 1 and 8 in the line 3.

The rotor 3 of the motor is provided with external resistances in each phase thereof, 9 to I3 each triple group of resistances arranged to be short-circuited by corresponding pairs of switches I l-I4 to l8l8 inclusive.

The motor I is provided with a friction brake indicated generally at l9 having a winding 20 by which the brake may be released, the brake being of a well known type which sets when the winding 20 is de-energized. The winding 20 is connected, through a pair of switches 2| and 22 to the supply mains 23 and 24 of a motor generator shown generally at 25. The mains 23 and 24, being direct current mains, supply current through a pair of switches 26 and 27 to the stator winding of the motor I when the switches 26 and 27 are closed. The motor I may be reversely driven, in one direction when the switches 5, 5,

l and B are closed and in the other direction when the switches 5, 8 and reversing switches 29 and 28 are closed, these reversing connections being well known.

At 96 is the electro-magnetic winding of a low voltage relay controlling switches 61 and in a manner to be described which will cause these switches to open upon failure of the direct current voltage, and set the brake II as a protective feature.

The various switches illustrated in Fig. 2 are electromagnetic, the windings thereof and the control circuits for suitably energizing the windings being omitted to simplify the showing, these parts being illustrated and to be described in connection with Figs. 3 and 4. The operation of the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 2 is as follows.

The motor I is connected to the hoist drum of a general service hoist, that is to say, a hoist which may be used to raise and to lower loads of diflerent weights and through different distances. To raise a load, the switches II to' l9 inclusive are all open, inserting all of the resistance in the motor rotor circuit. When switches 2| and 22 are closed, the motor generator 25 energizes the brake winding 29 to release the brake l9. To start the motor in the hoisting direction, the switches 5, 9, I and 8 are closed. To increase or decrease the speed of hoisting, as may be desired, the switches ll to ll respectively are operated in pairs controlling the triple resistance sections II to 9 selectively, to cause more or less current to be generated in the motor rotor and vary the torque and speed thereof.

It will therefore be seen that the hoisting iunctions and the mode of operation are those commonly employed and that they constitute no essential part of the present invention.

To lower a hoisted load, the switches 6,6, 'l' and 9 are all opened and the switches 26 and 21 are closed thus supplying the motor stator with direct current and the switches It to It are closed. The switches 2| and 22 are now closed to release the brake i9, and the load overhauls the rotor, driving it and generating alternating current therein which is of high value because of the low rotor resistance and the load slowly descends, being dynamically braked by the generation of the current. To increase the speed of lowering by steps, the switches ll to I6 are opened introducing into the rotor circuit the resistances 9 to II and reducing the dynamic braking effect. If it be desired to decrease the lowering speed, the switches it to Il may be successively closed, one or all, corresponding to the speed desired.

The braking effect for each of the switches ll to It is represented by the curves, curve I to curve 4 of Fig. 1. And as above described, for the speeds which may be attained by these resistance steps, the maximum speed being approxi-- 'mately of synchronous speed for curve I,

the operator may vary the speeds up or down at will, rapidly or slowly.

When a stillhigher lowering speed is desired,

the following operation is effected. The switches ,H are closed, short circuiting the motor rotor.

The switches 5, I, 29 and 29 are closed to apply alternating current directly to the stator in the reverse or lowering direction, and the switches 26 and 21 are opened to discontinue the direct current energization of the stator. The motor is thus operated as an induction motor driving the load downwardly by power. The rotor will quickly come up to synchronous speed and because of the load will be overhauled to a greater speed. If the load is, for example, full load, the speed may come up to or of synchronous speed.

It is to be observed that under these conditions after the motor has been driven in the lowering direction up to synchronous speed, the descent will be actually braked dynamically, because, even for light loads, the load will rotate the rotor faster than synchronous speed and any increase of speed above synchronous speed will generate current in the rotor, the faster the speed the more current. It thus is clear that applying downward driving power to the motor merely functions to quickly bring the rotor speed up to synchronism after which the load is braked dynamically by overhauling the rotor.

These high speeds will in practice be commonly employed to quickly lower a load through the major part of its descent and at the bottom oi the descent it will be desired to quickly bring the speed down to a low value.

This is done by opening the switches 8, I, 29 and 29 to disconnect the motor stator from the alternating current supply and closing the switches 26 and 21 to energize it with direct current and by effecting a suitable braking action by a suitable value of resistance in the rotor circuit. But this can not be with the resistance steps 9 to II, above described, if left within the control of the hoist operator, because he might close switches l4--I4, and this, as will be apparent from curve I Fig. 1 in connection with the above discussion thereof, will produce a dynamic braking torque which at the speed of 110% to synchronous speed will be less than the load torque, if full load, and the load will run away with the motor. Therefore to stop the load, extra-manual means is provided to predetermine the rotor resistance at a certain value in every case for example, that of the resistances 9. This, as shown by curve 2 Fig. 1, develops a dynamic braking torque at speeds 110% to 115% synchronism greater than full load lowering torque. This will bring the load quickly down .to, say 20% of synchronous speed as shown in Fig. l and then the friction brake I9 is set by the opening of the switches 2i and 22.

To insure that the load will slow down to such speed before the brake I9 is applied, the entire action is made automatic, that is to say, when the hoist operator operates the controller in a manner to be described to change from alternating current power driven descent or alternating current braking, to direct current braking,

the alternating current power is interrupted and the direct current applied and the said rotor resistance value is established. If a complete stop is wanted, the friction brake sets immediately but the direct current is maintained to help the friction brake in bringing the load to rest and this direct current is automatically disconnected after a time interval of, approximately two seconds.

To sum up this mode of operation, it may be said that for lowering speeds up to say, 75% 01' synchronous speed, dynamic braking is, effected by direct current energization of the motor stator, and resistances are cut out of the rotor circuit or cut into the same at the pleasure oi the operator to vary the speed of lowering; and for higher speeds, the motor is driven downwardly by alternating current power on the stator to bring it quickly up to synchronous speed, and the load then overhauls the rotor to effect descent at higher than synchronous speed, being braked dynamically thereby; and at the end of the descent to slow down the lowering speed, the direct current is again applied to the stator and a selected or critical amount of resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit, such value of resistance being predetermined to provide at the greater than synchronous speed, a dynamic braking torque always greater than full load lowering torque, and this reduces the speed to a relatively low value at which the load may be finally stopped and held by a friction brake; and thereafter the operator may again control the lowering speed by manipulation of the resistance sections in the rotor circuit at various speeds up to but not beyond the chosen 75% of synchronous speed value. Hoisting may be accomplished in the well known manner at various speeds by rotor resistance control.

As above stated, these operations are effected by electro-magnetic switches, illustrated in simplified form in Fig. 2 and the control circuits and contactors, etc., by which these switches may be operated under the control of a hoist operator will now be described in connection with Figs. 3

and 4.

The various switches of Fig. 2 illustrated therein in-simplified form are illustrated diagrammatically with their windings in Fig. 3 and in that figure are illustrated various drum contacts which may be opened or closed by the operation of a master drum illustrated in Fig. 4. It is by means of this drum that the operator of the hoist effects the operation thereof.

The drum of Fig. 4-is illustrated in conventional diagrammatic form comprising sector form contacts, such as that indicated at 30 of various lengths, which may be rotated into and out of engagement with a row of stationary contacts such as that at 3|. The rotary drum has an off position from which it may be rotated in opposite directions to effect thehoisting and lowering operations above described as indicated in Fig. 4 by the legends 01f, Hoist" and Lower.

The movable drum contacts are all electrically connected together. The control current may be supplied from any suitable source and as indicated in Fig. 3 by the .mains L| and L-2. The line L-| is connected to the contact 3|, Fig. 4, and thus to the other drum contacts and as the drum is moved in one direction or the other, the

several stationary contacts are connected selectively to the line L-| and this is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 3 by reference characters indicating the stationary contacts only.

To operate the motor to hoist, the drum is moved to the first hoist position, Fig. 4. This connects contacts 33 and 34 to the line L-l. Current flows from the line L| through contact 33, thence through the winding 35 closing two switches and 8. Current flows by way of the contact 34 through the winding 38 closing two switches 6 and I. These are the switches 5, 8, 6 and I of Fig. 2 and current is thereby supplied to the stator of the motor as above described. The winding. also closes a switch 53 which, as reproduced in-the upper part of Fig. 3, energizes a winding 52 which closes switches 2| and 22 to release the brake l8 as shown in Fig. 2.

At this time, the resistance switches H to l8 are all open and the motor hoists at low speed.

Upon moving the drum successively to energize contacts 31 and 38 on hoist positions 2 and 3, current flows respectively through windings 38 and 40 of electro-magnetic switches |8'|8 and which, respectively, cutout of the circuit,

(see Fig. 2) the resistance sections |3|3 and On the fourth hoist position, current flows from the contact 4| through the winding 42 of a delayed operation electro-magnetic switch 43 which, when it closes, effects energization of a winding 44'of switches |6|6 which close and cut out of the rotor circuit resistance II.

On the fifth hoist step, current flows from the contact 45 through the winding 46 of a delayed operation switch 41 which, when it closes, energizes the winding 48 of switches |5-|5 which close and short-circuit the resistance sections l8.

On the sixth step of hoisting, the contact 49 is energized and current flows through a winding 50 of a delayed operation switch 258 which, when it closes, energizes the winding 25| of switches |4--|4 which short circuit the remainder of the rotor resistance.

Thus, as will be seen, during hoisting operations, the torque developed by the motor and the speed of operation thereof may be controlled, step by step, to increase or decrease the speed by moving back and forth on the hoist positions I to 6 on the drum.

And on the higher torque positions, a time interval is automatically interposed between successive steps to give the motor time to accelerate for well known reasons. Obviously, the master could be thrown over to hoist position 6 at the start and the delayed operation switches 43, 41

and 258 will protect the motor by agraduallaccel-- eration thereof. 7

When it is desired to lower the load, on lowering point one of the controller, contact 5| is energized and current flows through switch 51 and the winding 52 of the switches 2| and 22 which are the switches 2| and .22 of Fig. 2 and the brake I9 is thereby released. Switch 61 is always normally closed as shown in- Fig. 2 except when direct current fails, whereupon it opens, de-energizes winding 52 and opens switches and 22 to set the brake.

Contacts 3'! and 38 are also energized which eii'ect short circuiting of the resistance sections l3 and I2 by switches l8 and I1. Contacts 54, 55 and 252 are also energized from which current flows directly to the windings -44, 48 and 25| and operates switches ||i+-|6, |5-l5, |4-=-l4, which short circuits the resistance sections II, III and 9. Finally a contact 56 is energized and current flows therefrom through the winding 51 of switches 26 and 21, which as shown in Fig. 2, control the direct current energization of the motor stator.

When the brake i9 is released, as above described, the hoist load drives the rotor and starts to descend, the descent being slow because, as described above, all of the resistance is cut out of the rotor circuit.

To increase the speed. of lowering, the controller may be moved successively to lowering points two, three and four. This will successively break connection with the contacts 252, 55 and 54, and

will de-energize the windings 25!, 48 and 44, and

will re-insert the resistance sections 9, l0 and II respectively. As above described, the dynamic braking thus effected by the direct current energized stator may be increased or decreased in speed by moving the controller back and forth over the points to 4.

For high speed lowering, the controller is moved to point 5. This breaks the direct current energization of the field by deenergizing contact 56 whereupon switches 26 and 21 open cutting off direct current energization; and it also deenergizes contact 38 introducing all of the resistance, resistance sections 8, l8 and I being cut The opening of switch 252 caused the switches.

in on point 4. On this point also contacts 22 and- 58 are energized. The contact 22 operates the switches 5 and 8 as before, and the contact 58 operates thewinding 59 of switches 22 and 28, the operation of these two switches reversins the direction of power application of alternating current to the motor stator and the motor now is driven downwardly by alternating current power with the resistance all in the rotor circuit. On point 5 also, contact 49 is energiud and effects operation of the delayed operation switch 2" and after a short interval of time, switches I4--I4 close and short circuit all of the resistance at a single step, accelerating the motor to high" speed. The motor is now operating as a powerdriven induction motor with an overhauling load and quickly comes up to synchronism and the overtravel of the load eil'ects alternating current dynamic braking as above described.

When the switch winding 59 was energized and closed switches 28 and 29, to reverse the motor, it also closed a switch OII and current immediately flowed from line L-I through the switch ll (reproduced separately in the diagram) and thence through the winding SI of switches 82 and 22 which immediately closed and a third switch 252 which immediately opened. The switch 82 reproduced separately elsewhere in the diagram, immediately energized the winding 48 and closed the switches I5--IB.

When now it'is desired to reduce the speed of lowering, the operator moves the drum toward the 011 position. Immediately upon leaving the contacts 58, 49 and 22, the contact I0 is energized and current flows from that contact through thewinding to close the dynamic braking direct current switches 26 and 21 and the current also flows from the contact 50 through a switch 64 to be referred to and thence through the now closed switch 62 through the winding 6i holding the switches 82 and 62 closed, the switch .2 thus providing a holding circuit for the winding 6i.

I4-I4 to immediately open, but the switch 02 keeps the switches IB-Ii closed, 252 and 62 beingheld operated by the maintained winding GI, so that the resistance sections 9 only are in the motor circuit. Breaking the circuit at contact it and contact 82 de-energized the main switches 20, 29 and H disconnecting the motor stator from the line.

The load is now descending by direct current dynamic braking determined by resistance sections 9 which are of a selected value to cause the braking torque to exceed the load torque and prevent running away of the motor as fully described hereinbefore. This dynamic braking eflect will slow the load down to substantially 20% of synchronous speed as described above in connection with Fig. 1, curve 2.

The controller may now be brought to the 0!! position which will break contact at ll, (the circuit having already been broken at I2 when the main switches 6 and I opened) and the brake I8 will be applied when the switches 2| and 22 are accordingly opened. The dynamic braking eifect, however, is not immediately interrupted when the controller is brought to the oi! position, being maintained by the following means.

In the "of!" position, a contact" is energized and current flows therethrough and through the winding I! of a normally closed switch 84. This switch is a delayed operation switch and after a pre-determinedinterval of time, which in practice may be two or three seconds, the switch 64 switch 63, the winding II of which has a holding circuit through contact 82. Therefore, after the said interval of time has elapsed, the switch 4 will open and this \will not only de-energize winding 51 and break the dynamic current circuits at 26 and 21 but similarly will de-energize winding GI and open, switch 82 and thereby eifect opening of the switches IB-lt to restore all of the resistance sections in the rotor circuit which is the normal condition.

. It will be observed thatno change of dynamic braking occurs on points 4' to I inclusive on going back from point I, even if the operator leaves the controller on these points; but so long as he keeps the controller on points 4 to I'after leaving point .I, the alternating current dynamic braking will continue, and when he moves the controller to the off position the brake will set and the time interval will run at the end of which the direct current dynamic braking will be discontinued. It is understood, of course, that the operator may go as quickly as possible from point 5 to the oil position; and the dynamic braking will slow down the descent so rapidlythat it will be brought to rest by the brake within the time interval and prior to removal of the direct current excitation.

In general the dynamic braking on lowering is of three kinds. On points I'to 4 the stator is energized with direct current and the rotor resistance is varied at will; on point I, the stator 5 to reduce speed, the dynamic braking is eifected by the direct current stator and a used selected critical resistance in the rotor circuit.

Obviously, after the load has been brought to rest by the friction brake I. on the 03 point. the operator may move the controller to points I, 2, 3 or 4 to again remove the brake and lower the load slowly, and therefore in the normal operation of the controller in lowering a load and accurately positioning or "spotting" it, the operator will move the controller to point I and when the load is near the bottom of its descent he will bring the controller to the off position and stop it and then proceeding on points I and 2 or I, 2, 2 and 4'and back again to I or by a similar sequence of operations will slowly set the load accurately where desired.

Besides the advantaga described above of this type of lowering control, other advantages are bad concurrently. The direct crrent circuit may be utilized to energize the friction brake and therefore it may have a direct current winding which as is well known is fast acting and the magnet operated thereby as is well known will be more durable, alternating current magnets for reasons that are well known being rapidly deteriorating. Furthermore because of the relatively low voltage of the direct current, there will be low inductance in the brake winding which renders it quick setting and quick releasing. As described above, the brake I9 is set whenever the controller is in the oif position and on going to the successive hoisting or lowering points and back again to 01!, the brake if energized with direct current of relatively low voltage, as stated, will be very quick acting and a fine degree of inching may be had on both lowering or hoisting.

By having a very high speed lowering point such as point 5, very fast descent over the major portion of the lowering may be had with a consequent saving in time.

The said time interval, referred to as two or three seconds in the foregoing description performed by the switch 65-64 is rendered adjustable by employing a time delayed switch having a time adjustment and such means being so well known in the art, a further description is deemed unnecessary. In the diagrammatic form illustrated a dash-pot escapement 250 may be adjusted by a screw 255.

While it is customary in this art to employ relays, auxiliary contactson the main switches etc., to interlock the various switches to insure the predetermined sequential operation thereof, these have not been shown in the drawings nor described to avoid further-complications and it is believed that engineers skilled in this art will know how to apply such protection.

However, I have illustrated a'iow voltage switch to afiord protection upon failure of the direct current voltage which is relied upon for dynamic braking. This switch has a winding 66 Fig. 2 across the direct current mains 23 and 24 and controls switches 61 and 68 which are normally closed whenever the direct current voltage is present. The switch 5-! as shown in Fig. 3 is in the line of the winding 52 controlling the brake I9 and the switch 68 is.in the circuit of.the winding 59 controlling the reversing circuits 28 and 29. Thus upon failure of voltage these switches will open and the brake will set and the reverse switches cannot be closed to drive the load downwardly. 7

Second form The second referred to embodiment of my invention will now be described. In view of the more complete description of the first form, it is believed that a brief description of this and the third form to be described will sufiice.

In the power circuit diagram Fig. 5, the motor 256 has its stator supplied with alternating current from power mains 10, 'II and I2 under the control of a line switch 13. Reslstances 14 to inclusive are provided in therotor circuit making eight steps of resistance in all, the resistance being under the control of seven switches 8I--8I to'8'I-81 inclusive. The stator of the motor 250 may be supplied with direct current for dynamic braking purposes from a motor generator 88 to the mains I0 and II through switches 89 and 90; and the brake winding 9| of the brake 92 may be energized from the motor generator through switches 93 and 94.

In the operation of this form, for hoisting, alternating current is applied to the stator and the resistances "to 80 inclusive are first put all in the rotor circuit and are cut out successively by delayed operation switches to accelerate the hoist.

Upon lowering, the line switch 13 is opened, direct current is applied to the stator, the resistances are first all cut out of the rotor circuit to give the maximum braking torque and then one after the other may be cut into the circuit to increase the braked lowering speed and these steps of resistance are changed without time delay; to decrease the lowering speed, the resistances are again out out in sequence but by delayed operation means which prevents cutting the resistance out so rapidly, as to cause the motor to run away, as above described.

These operations are performed by means of the control circuits illustrated in Fig. 6 and the master drum controller illustrated in Fig. '7.

When the controller Fig. '7 is moved in the hoist direction, contact is first made at 90 and the line switch winding 91 is energized closing the switches 13 and an auxiliary switch 98. Current is thus supplied to the motor, and through the switch 98 to energize the winding 99 which closes the switches 93 and 94 to release the brake.

The motor thus starts to hoist and as the contrailer is moved to energize contacts I00 to I05 inclusive, the resistance is successively cut out. Current from contact I00 energizes the winding I00 closing switches 81-81 and also closing an auxiliary switch 251.

Switch 251 when contact IN is energized energizes the winding I01 of a delayed operation switch I08 conventionally illustrated as a dashpot switch and after a predetermined time interval, the switch I08 closes and then current flows to the winding I09 of. the switches 86-46. The winding I09 also closes an auxiliary switch 258.

In like manner when the contacts I02 to I05 on the drum are energized by further rotating it in the hoist direction, the windings H0, H2, II, H5 are energized through the auxiliary contacts, 258, H8, H9 and I20 tooperate time delay switches 260 to 263 respectively, to thereby effect energization of the windings III, II3, H5 and III to cause them to close the auxiliary switches I I 8, H9, I20 and the resistance switches respectively -85, 84-84, 83B3, and 8282 to accelerate the motor. When the switches 8282 close, an auxiliary switch I2I closes the circuit from the contact I05 to winding I22 of the last delayed operation switch I23 which when it closes energizes the winding I24 of the last resistance switch 8 l-8 I, the last two resistance switches thus being under the control of a single contact I05, but the last switch being independently delayed. Thus on hoisting, the motor is accelerated by delayed operation switches.

To lower the load, the master controller Fig. '7 is moved to or toward the lowering position. Movement of the master toward the lowering position at any time operates an auxiliary switch I25 on the master, and movement of the master at any time in the hoist direction opens this switch. This switch I25 can be operated by any suitable mechanism that illustrated in Fig. 7 comprising a drum I26 on the master shaft I21, and a friction strap I28 looped around the drum I28 secured at opposite ends by springs I29 and I30. A movable switch member I3I is secured to the strap adjacent the spring which will yield upon rotary movement of the drum I26 in the lowering direction namely the spring I30, and is engageable with contacts 259-259 of the switch I25 upon rotation of the drum in the lowering direction; and is disengageable therefrom upon rotation of. the drum in the hoist direction, upon yielding of the other spring I29.

Therefore upon initiating lowering movement of the drum, when the switch I25 thus closes and when the contact I32 on the master drum is engaged, current may flow from the contact I32 through the switch I25 and through the winding I33 oi five switches I35 to I38 inclusive (reproswitch s| a| which is immaterial.

, clusive.

duced elsewhere in Fig. 6) and each arranged to bridge one of the delayed operation switches I00, 260, 26I, 262, 263 above described. The closing of these switches I34 to I35 occurs on thefirst lowering point of the master. On that point also, a contact I39 is energized which efi'ects operation of the brake switches 93 and 94 to release the brake; and the contact I40 is also energized to operate the dynamic braking current switches and 00 by the winding I.

The brake now being released and the stator of the motor energized with direct current, the load starts downwardly and, simultaneously therewith, all of the contacts I00 to I05 are energized and the resistance switches all close, in a rapid sequence, and since the time delayed switches are now bridged by the switches I24 to I38 inclusive, there is no delay except on the The load therefore descends slowly due to the low resistance of the rotor. To increase the speed of the descent, the master controller is moved from point I to successive points, successively deenergizing the contacts I05 to I00 and causing the corresponding resistance switches to open,

and on the last switch, since allot the resistance is in the rotor circuit, the speed of the descent will be very high.

To break this descent and slow down the load, the controller is moved toward of! position to successively. energize the contacts I00 to I05 ini'he corresponding resistance switch closes, the switch 81 closing instantly, but all of the other the lowering, the delayed operation switches were bridged by the switches I34 to III by action of the auxiliary switch I25 on the master; but as above described the switch I25 opens with any movement of the master toward oil. or toward hoist and therefore upon moving the master to slow down the descending speed, the switch I25 opens which efiects opening of all of the said bridging switches, and therefore the resistance switches are restored to the control of the delayed operation switches. By this means therefore, it is impossible to cut the resistance out oi the rotor circuit on lowering faster than the rate determined by the delayed operation switches.

On returning 'toward of! from the hoisting points, the switch I25 may close but is without effect because contact I32 of the master switch is closed only in the lowering direction and therefore no circuit is established to switch I25 in the hoisting direction.

To sum up the operation of this second form, an electric controller of the magnetic switch and master drum type will, on hoisting, cut out the rotor resistance step by step under time control and will cut it back in without delay; and upon lowering by direct current stator dynamic braking, the resistance may all be cut in without delay but/on being cut out to slow down the braking speed, cannot be cut out faster than a predetermined rate. As described hereinbefore in connection with Fig. 1, this will keep the braking torque always greater than the load torque and will slow down the load without danger of running away, to the speed at which the friction brake will stop and hold it.

Obviously the speed of operation of the successive delayed operation switches can be adiusted by the well known means referred to.

Upon the energization of each contact,

Third form The third referred to embodiment of my invention is illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 in connection with Fig. 5. The power circuits of the third embodiment now to be described are shown in ances then may be allcut into the rotor circuit by the switches 0| to 01 inclusive likewise without delay, and for the first three sections of resistance 14 to 15 inclusive, the switches II to 00 inclusive may be again closed to cut out these resistance sections, at will, and without delay, since these resistance changes will not cause the motor dynamic braking torque to be less than the load torque as explained in connection with Fig. 1, but it switches 04, 05, 55 or 51 be opened to increase the speed, extra-manual means is provided whereby upon returning the master controller to again close the last switches to reduce the speed, the cutting out of the resistance is taken out of the hands oi the operator and a selected value at resistance only is inserted in the rotor circuit which is of such value that it will slow down the load without allowing it to run away; this value of resistance being in this case that of the resistance I4 and I5.

This is accomplished by the master drum and control system of Figs. 8 and 9 respectively, and will now be described; parts which are the same as Figs. 5, 6 and 7 having the same reference characters as in those figures;

Upon moving the drum controller to the first hoist position, the contact 00 is energized which operates the line switches 13 to close them; and an auxiliary switch 00 closes the circuit to operate the brake switches 93 and 04 to release the brake. The motor thus starts hoisting with all the resistance in the rotor circuit. As the drum is moved to the successive hoist points, contacts I45 to I50 inclusive are energized. The contact I45 energizes the winding I00 and closes switches 01 to cut out the first section of resistance. These switches close without delay. Contact I45 energizes the winding I01 through a switch III also closed by the winding I05. The winding I01 operates the delayed operation switch I00 which when it closes energizes the winding I00 of the switches 05 and closes the control switch I52. Thus the switches 00 operate alter a predetermined time interval following the energization oi the contact I45. In like manner windings H0, H2, H4, and H5 of corresponding delayed operation switches 250, 20I, 252, 253, efi'ect, after a time interval, energization of windings III, H0, H5 and II! 01' the resistance switches 55, 54, II and 52, respectively, the windings III to H5 also operating control contacts Ill, H0 and I20 which control respectively the energization oi the delayed operation switch windings H2, H4 and H5; and the energization of the windings H2, H0, H4 and H5 is eii'ected by' energization of contacts I41, I40, I40 and I50 on the corresponding hoist steps or the controller.

The winding m not only closes switchesjs butclosesanauxiliary switch I2I through which the contact I50 also energizes the winding I24 of thelast resistance switches 8I8I which are delayed in operation.

'Thus on hoisting all of the switches but the first 81-87, are delayed in operation to suitably accelerate the motor.

To lower the load, the master controller is moved in the lowering direction. The contact I40 supplies current through a switch I53 to be described to the winding I 4| 89 and90 and closes them. A contact I39 on the drum is energized supplying current to the winding 99 of the switches 93 and 94 which release the brake.

A set of contacts I54 to I58 inclusive are all simultaneously energized, as well as the contact I45. The contact I45 causes the closing of the switches 81; the contact I54 supplies current directly to the winding I09 of the switches 86 causing these switches to close without delay; and in like manner the contacts I55 to I58 inclusive cause the switches 85, 84, 83 and 82 to close without delay, the switch 82 by its auxiliary switchIZI also causing the switches 9| to close but with delay. The resistance therefore is all cut out of the rotor circuit by these switches and lowering starts with the maximum dynamic braking torque.

To increase the speed of lowering, the master is moved in the lowering direction and success'iveli de-ener'gizes the contacts I58, I5l, I56, I55, I54 and I45're-introducing the corresponding resistance sections into the rotor circuit.

When the drum. controller is moved to the point 5 thereof at which contact I55 is de-energizetl,

it will be observed that a contact I32 is, at that sively de-energized to reinsert the remainder of the resistance. As shown in Fig. 9 the energizetion of the contact I32 will subsequently be eflec- V tive to energize the winding I59 controlling a normally closed switch I69 and normally open switches I6I and I92, but these switches will not be operated until the closure of a switch Itt in the line of the contact I32; so that during the movement of the controller to higher and higher lowering speeds, the only result in this respect is to introduce more and more resistance into the rotor circuit.

If, now, however, on either of the points ii, or "I of the master controller, it be moved toward ofl position, that is to say to reduce the lowering speed, the said switch I63 will be operated thereby by the means shown diagrammatically inFig. 8. The drum shaft I64 has thereon a drum 284 over which is bent a friction strap H58 held tight by springs I91 and I69 at its ends and carrying a movable switch member I69 on the side that is tensioned by the spring I68, to open orclose a switch I63. Upon rotation oithe drum in the lowering direction, the spring I58 will hold the switch I63 open, but on rotation of the drum in controlling the direct current stator energizing circuit switches which closes the switches 83-83; and the switch I60 upon opening de-energizes the winding of the switches 92 and BI causing them to open; this places in the rotor circuit only the resistances 74 and I5. The motor is thus dynamically braked with predetermined amount of resistancewhich develops braking torque greater than the load torque even at the high speed provided by the points 5, 8 and Ion the drum controller (see curves 6, I and 9, Fig. l) and this continues until the controller is brought to the off position.

Thereupon a contact I55 is energized supplying current to the winding I 59 of normally closed switches M4 and l53 referred to hereinbefore. These switches are delayed operation switches and after a predetermined interval of time such as two or three seconds, these switches open. The

switch I64 brakes the circuit to the winding I59 and restores the switches 869 to I62 inclusive; and switch E53 brakes the dynamic braking direct current. These switches will stay operated so long as the controller is in the ad position. The brake controlled by the contact Q39 is set by deenergization of this contact when the controller is moved to the of! position.-

As shown in Fig. 1, curve 3 is the braking torque curve when the two sections of resistance 34 and '15 are in the rotor circuit; and this curve is higher than the load torque even at full load, and at speeds as high as 200% of synchronous speed. Also curve 3 shows that the speed will fall until the load torque and braking torque balance, which is at approximately 40% of synchronous speed. The friction brake can, at this speed, stop and hold the load. If desired the controller may again he moved to one of the iirst iour lowering points and this, by opening the switch W3, restores the lowering to the control of the operator. Therefore he may reduce the speed to curve 2 or curve 9 before setting the brake in the oh position.

Time, in dynamic loraking with this arrangement, the resistance may be out in or out at will on, points l to d of the controller during lower ing, but if the controller is moved to either point 5, 5 or l, then the controller cannot be moved back toward on to cut resistance out of the rotor circuit at will since this might cause the load to run away with the motor; but only a predetermined value of resistance is automatically insert-= ed in the rotor circuit which will bring the motor down to a low speed at which it may he stopped and held by the friction brake.

As will be apparent, the resistance section 9 in the first described form and the resistance sections 34 and i5 oi the second form are not chosen to be the said critical resistance merely because they are present for acceleration on hoisting. To the contrary a suitable critical value of resistance is chosen which, because of the speedtorque-resistance characteristics oi the motor will give the desired braking effect as shown in Fig, l, and this resistance is then used for the sake of simplicity as an accelerating resistance.

The said preselected value ct resistance will vary for different makes, types and horsepowers motor.

In the following I havegiven the value of said resistance in a number of illustrative cases, the resistance in ohms being that to be used in each of the three phases of the secondary circuit of the induction motor.

circuit across the line through the winding H5 Motor: 40 H. P. "Reliance standard type. wound rotor; 440 volt, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 900 R. P. M.;

P synchronous speed; secondary volts 800; secondary amperes 65.

Preselected resistance: 0.99 ohm.

Motor: 60 rr. r. "Reliance standard type,

- wound rotor; 440 volt; 3 phase; 60 cycle; 900

R. P. M.; synchronous speed; secondary volts 300; secondary amperes 88.

Preselected resistance: 0.643 ohm Motor: 80 H. P. General Electric" mill type, wound rotor; 550 volt; 3phase; 60 cycle; 600 R. P. M.; synchronous speed; secondary volts 219; secondary amperes 171.

Preselected resistance: 0.50 ohm Motor: 150 Westinghouse" mill type, wound rotor; 550 volt; 3 phase; 60 cycle; 900 R. P. M.; synchronous speed; secondary volts 316; secondary amperes 213.

Preselected resistance: 0.56 ohm.

My invention is not limited to the exact details of construction nor to the exact arrangement of the electric systems herein illustrated and described. Changes and modifications may be made within the spirit or my invention without sacrificing its advantages and within the-scope oi the appended claims.

I claim:

1, In connection with an induction motor comprising a field element and an armature element one of which is a rotor, and having variable resistance in its armature circuit and provided with both manual and automatic means for varying the resistance, the method oi controlling the velocity of movement of a load while overhauling the rotor which includes causing the held to be energized with direct current, causing the armature to react thereon to develop dynamic braking torque in the rotor, manually changing the armature circuit resistance to manually change the rotor speed within a speed range including a predetermined maximum safe speed above which speed a too rapid decrease oi the armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to be less than the load torque, manually increasing the armature resistance to increase the rotor speed above said maximum, and, to reduce the speed from said higher speeds, automatically changing the armature circuit resistance to a preselected single value such that at all speeds from said higher speed down to and below said maximum safe speed, the rotor torque will be greater than the load torque.

2. In connection with an'induction motor comprising a field element and an armature element one of which is a rotor, and having variable re? sistance in its armature circuit and provided with both manual and automatic means ioryarying the resistance, the method of controlling the velocity of movement of a load while overhauling the rotor which includes causing the field to be energized with direct current, causing the armature to react thereon to develop dynamic braking torque in the rotor, manually changing the armsture circuit resistance to manually change the rotor speed within a range including a predetermined maximum safe speed above which speed a too rapid decrease or the armature resistance to decrease the rotor speed would cause the rotor torque to be less than the load torque, manually further increasing the armature resistance to increase the rotor speed above said maximum speed, and to reduce the dynamically braked speed from said higher-speeds, automatically decreasing theqresistance oi the armature circuit at a retarded rate to cause the rotor torque to be increased and at all times to be greater than the load torque during said speed reduction from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum sai'e speed.

3. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors or the type. comprising a field and an armature, one of which is 'a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor field with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable manually controlled means to eil'ect the inclusion of a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually the rotor is overhauled, from said higherspeeds down to speeds below said sate speed, and manually actuable means for effecting actuation 01 said electrically controlled means.

4. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a held and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor field with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable manually controlled means to eflect the inclusion 0! a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually eil'ected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, manually actuable means arranged to energize the field with alternating current to cause the overhauled rotor to come up to motor synchronous speed, and to then be overhauled by the load and driven at dynamically braked speeds greater than synchronous speed, electrically controlled means to interrupt the alternating current energization of the field and to re-establish the direct current energization thereof and to control the resistance in the armature circuit to cause it to have a value at which the braking torque will be greater than the load torque at said greater than synchronous speeds to thereby reduce the speed at which the rotor is overhauled, from said greater-thansynchronous speeds down to speeds below mid maximum safe speed, and manually actuable means for effecting actuation of said electrically ontrolled means.

5. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a field and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the inotor field with direct current from the source wj'to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable manually controlled means to effect the inclusion of a variable amount of resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually effected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, manually actuabie means to effect the inclusion of resistance in the armature circuit to increase the overhauled braked speed above said maximum safe speed, electrically controlled means to control the resistance in the armature circuit to cause it to have a value at which the braking torque will be greater than the load torque when the rotor is overhauled at speeds higher than said maxirnum safe speed to thereby reduce the speed at i Bdwhich the rotor is overhauled, from said higher speeds down to speeds below the said maximum sjafe speed, and manually actuable means for ef 'fecting actuation of said electrically controlled means. v

6. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a held and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor held with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable manually controlled means to eiiect the inclusion a variable amount of the resistance in the arenature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and a predetermined speed range including maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually er' iected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking; torque to be less than the load torque, manually rahle means to eifect the inclusion of resis l. the armature circuit to further increase i a owering speed above said maximum speed, electncally coh= trolled means to effect the removal of resistance from the armature circuit by successive steps efect a reduction of the dynamically braked speed to thereby reduce the speed from said high speeds down to speeds below said maximum safe space, said electrically controlled means com means to delay the successive steps of removal to thereby cause the rotor tor-cue always he greater than the load torque at all speeds down -to speeds below the safe speed, and maternity actuable means for effecting actuation oi electrically controlled means.

'7. In connection with an induction inga direct current energized held an armature element one of which is method of controlling the velocity while being overhauled by a load, which manually changing the resistance of the a ture circuit to vary the dynamic braking react of thearmature on the field to vary the rotor ovehauled speed within a speed range winch rapid decrease of armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to become less thanthe load torque, and to reduce the overhauled speed from speeds higher than the said maximum safe speed to speeds below it, extra-manually controlling the armature circuit resistance to cause it at all speeds from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum safe speed, to effect a dynamic braking torque greater than the load torque.

8. In connection with an induction motor having a direct current energized field element and an armature element one of which is a rotor, the method of controlling the velocity of the rotor while being overhauled by a load, which includes manually changing the resistance of the armature circuit to vary the dynamic braking reaction of the armature on the field to vary the rotor overhauled speed within a speed range which includes 1 a maximum safe speed above which a too "apid decrease of armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to become less than the load torque, and to attain speeds higher than the maximum safe speed, changing the energization of the field element from direct current to alternating current in the direction to drive the rotor by power, and braking the rotor at overhauled speeds greater than synchronous speedby the reaction of the armature on the alternating field, and to reduce the speed from said higher speeds to speeds below the said maximum sai'e speed, again energizing the field element with direct'current and extramanually controlling the armature circuit resistance to cause it, at all speeds from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum safe speed, to efiect a dynamic braking torque greater than the load torque.

9. in connection with induction motor having a direct current energized field element and an armature element one of which is a rotor, the method of controlling the velocity of the rotor while being overhauled by a load, which includes manually changing the resistance of the armature circuit to vary the dynamic braking reaction of the armature on the field to vary the rotor overhauled speed within a speed range which includes a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid decrease oi armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to become less than the load torque, and to speeds higher than the maximum safe speed, changing the energiaation of the held element from direct current to alterhating current in the rection to drive the rotor by power, and braking the rotor at overhauled speeds greater than synchronous speed by the of the armature on the alternating field, to reduce the speed from said higher speeds to speeds below the said maximum safe speed, again energizing the held element with direct current and extra-mauually controlling the amount of resistance oi the armature circuit to maintain a selected fixed value such that at speeds higher speeds down to below maximum sate seeed the dynamic torque wi l he greater than the load torque.

In connection with an induction motor having a drect current energized field element and element one of which is a rotor, the method of controlling the velocity of the rotor while lacing overhauled by a load, which includes manually changing the resistance of the armature circuit to vary the dynamic braking reaction oi the armature on the field to vary the rotor overhauled speed within a speed range which in- 7 lead torque, and to increase the overhauled speed to speeds higher than said maximum safe speed,

manually increasing the resistance in the armature circuit, and to reduce the overhauled speed from said higher speeds to speeds below the said,

maximum safe speed, extra-manually controlling the resistance of the armature circuit to maintain it at such value that at all speeds from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum sate speed the dynamic braking torque will be greater than the load torque.

11. In connection with an induction motor having a direct current energized field element and an armature element one of which is a rotor, the method of controlling the velocity of the rotor while being overhauled by a load, which includes manually changing the resistance of the armature circuit to vary the dynamic braking reaction of the armature on the field to vary the rotor overhauled speed within aspeed range which includes a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid decrease of armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to become less than the load torque, and to increase the overhauled speed to speeds higher than said maximum saie speed, manually increasing the resistance in the armature circuit, and to reduce the overhauled speed from said higher speeds to speeds below the maximum safe speed, extra manually controlling the resistance of the armature circuit to maintain it at a pre-selected fixed value such that at all speeds from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum sate speed the dynamic braking torque will be greater than the load torque.

12. In connection with an induction motor having a direct current energized field element and an armature element one 01' which is a rotor, the method of controlling the velocity of the rotor while being overhauled by a load, which includes manually changing the resistance of the armature circuit to vary the dynamic braking reaction of the armature on the field to vary the rotor overhauled speed within a speed range which includes a maximum safe speed above which -a too rapid decrease of armature resistance would cause the rotor torque'to become less than the load torque, and to increase the overhauled speed to speeds higher than said maximum safe speed,

manually increasing the resistance in the .armature circuit, and to reduce the overhauled speed from said higher speeds to speeds below the said maximum safe speed, extra-manually decreasing the resistance of the armature circuit by successive time delayed steps to prevent the resistance from being decreased at too rapid a rate and so that from said higher speeds down to speeds below said maximum safe speed, the dynamic brake torque will be greater than the load torque.

13. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a field and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor field with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable, manually controlled means including manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to efiect the inclusionof a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually eflected removal of resistance from the armature circuit,

would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, electrically controlled means including electrically operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to control the armature circuit resistance to cause'it to effect a dynamic braking torque greater than the load, torque when the rotor is overhauled at speeds 14. In a dynamic braking control for induc-,

tion motors of the type comprising a field and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor field with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable, manually controlled means including manuable operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to effect the ,inclusion of a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed. range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually eflected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, manually actuable means including manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby arranged to interrupt the direct current energization of the field and to energize the field with alternating current to cause the overhauled rotor to come up to motor synchronous speed, and to then be overhauled by the load and driven at' dynamically braked speeds greater than synchronous speed, electrically controlled means including electrically op erable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to interrupt the alternating current energizaton of the field and to re-establish the direct current energization thereof and to control the armature circuit resistance to cause it to have a value at which the braking torque will be greater than the load torque at said greater than synchronous speeds to thereby reduce the speed at which the rotor is overhauled, from said greater-than-synchronous speeds down to speeds below said maximum sate speed, and manually actuable means including other manually oper-- able contacts and conductors controlled thereby for eiIecting actuation oi-said electrically con trolled means.

15. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors oi the type comprising a field and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected.

to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the mo tor field with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to bedynamically braked, a resistance, manually "actuable, manually controlled means including manually operable contacts and conductors controlled,

thereby to eflect the inclusion of a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum safe speed above which a too rapid manually effected resistance in the armature circuit to cause it to i have a value at which the braking torque will be greater than the, load torque when the rotor is overhauled at speeds higher than said maximum sate speed to thereby'reduce the speed at which the rotor is overhauled, from said higher speeds down to speeds belowthe said maximum safe speed, and manually actuable means including other manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby for effecting actuation of said electrically controlled means.

16. In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a field and an armature, one oi which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the motor held with direct current from the source to cause the load overhauled rotor to be dynamically braked, a resistance, manually actuable, manually controlled mean's including manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to eifect the inclusion of a variableamount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speedrange including a maximum sai'e speed above which a too rapid manually efiected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, manually actuable means including other manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to effect the inclusion of resistance in the armature circuit, to further increase the lowering speed above said maximum safeto always be greater than the load torque at all speeds down to speeds below the safe speed, and' manually actuable means including other manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby for effecting actuation of said electrically controlled means.

-17.In a dynamic braking control for induction motors of the type comprising a field and an armature, one of which is a rotor subjected to an overhauling load torque, a source of direct current, conductors arranged to energize the m0- tor field with direct current from the source to cause the load" overhauled rotor to be dynamicaliy braked, a resistance, manually actuable, manually controlled means including manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to effect the inclusion oi a variable amount of the resistance in the armature circuit to reduce or increase the braked speed at which the rotor is overhauled, and within a predetermined speed range including a maximum sate speed above which a too rapid manually effected removal of resistance from the armature circuit would cause the rotor braking torque to be less than the load torque, manually actuable means including manually operable contacts and conductors con trolled thereby arranged to energize the field with alternating current to cause the overhauled rotor to come up to motor synchronous speed, and to then be overhauled by the load and driven at dynamically braked speeds greater than ,synchronous speed, electrically controlled means ineluding electrically operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby to interrupt the alternatingcurrent energization of thefield and to re-establish the direct current energization thereof and to control the resistance in the armature circuit to cause it to have a selected fixed value at which the braking torque will be greater than the load torque at said greater than synchronous speeds to thereby'reduce the speed at which the rotor is overhauled, from said greaterthan=synchronous speeds down to speeds below said maximum safe speed, and manually actuable means including other manually operable contacts and conductors controlled thereby for effecting actuation of said electrically controlled means.

18. In. connection comprising a field element "and an armature element one of which is a rotor, and having variable resistance in its armature circuit and-provided with both manual and automatic means for varying the resistance, the method of controlling the velocity 01' movement of a load while overhauling the rotor which includes causing the field to be energized with direct current, causing the armature'to react thereon to develop dynamic braking torque in the rotor, manually changing the armature circuit resistance to manually change the rotor speed within a speed range including a predetermined maximum-safe speed above which speed a too rapid decrease of the armature resistance would cause the rotor torque to be less and above synchronous speed to be dynamically braked by reaction of the armature on the alternating current field, and, to reduce the speed from said higher speeds, automatically changirig the field energization back to direct current and causing the armature circuit to have a pre-selected single value of-resistance such that, at all speeds from said higher speeds down to and below said maximum sate speed, the rotor torque will be greater than the load torque.

LESTER H. COLBERT.

with an induction motor 

